Workplace Bullying in High-Risk Sectors: A Mixed-Methods Study on Prevalence and Impact Among Construction and Manufacturing Employees

Abstract

Workplace bullying is a critical concern in high-risk sectors such as construction and manufacturing, where high-pressure environments, strict deadlines, and hierarchical structures may intensify the problem. Despite its serious impact on workers’ well-being and productivity, research in these sectors, particularly in Indonesia, is limited. This study examined the prevalence of workplace bullying, contributing factors, and its effects on mental health among construction and manufacturing workers. It also explored barriers to prevention and potential strategies for mitigation. A mixed-methods design was applied, involving 1029 workers (620 manufacturing, 409 construction). Quantitative data were collected using the Negative Acts Questionnaire—Revised (NAQ-R), while qualitative insights were obtained through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Analyses included chi-square tests, logistic regression, and thematic analysis. Bullying was more prevalent in construction, especially among younger and less experienced workers. Risk factors included work-related stress, role ambiguity, and gender dynamics. FGDs revealed underreporting due to absent policies, weak leadership, and workplace cultures that normalized aggression. Workplace bullying remains a significant issue in both sectors in Indonesia. Strong anti-bullying policies, effective leadership, and comprehensive training are essential. Transforming organizational culture toward inclusivity and support is critical to addressing this challenge.