Pollination Parameter Optimization and Field Verification of UAV-Based Pollination of ‘Kuerle Xiangli’

Abstract

In this study, we investigated unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) pollination of ‘Kuerle Xiangli’, and screened the pollination operation parameters to determine the precise parameters needed for the implementation of a ‘Kuerle Xiangli’ UAV pollination operation. Different flight height gradients, nozzle atomization particle sizes, spraying volume, and flight routes were tested and their effects on the droplets deposited were compared. UAV operation parameters were screened and field operations were conducted, comparing the fruit set rate, cost, and efficiency of different pollination methods of ‘Kuerle Xiangli’. The results show that the mist droplet effect of 1 m above the top of the tree is higher compared with that of 2 m and 3 m. The mist droplet effect of 2 L/667 m2 is better compared with that of 1.5 L/667 m2 and 1 L/667 m2. The mist droplet effect of 120 μm nozzle atomization particle size is better than that of 110 μm, 135 μm, and 150 μm. The mist droplet effect of flying above the canopy is better than that of flying between the rows of the canopy. The inflorescence and flower fruiting rates of ‘Kuerle Xiangli’ are 63.27% and 28.84%, respectively, and the inflorescence fruiting rate is not significantly different from hand and liquid sprayer pollination. The UAV pollination saves 12.69 USD/667 m2 and 3.32 USD/667 m2 compared with hand and liquid spray pollination, respectively. The efficiency of UAV pollination is greater than that of liquid and hand pollination. The best combination of parameters for pollination using a quadrotor UAV is 1 m from the top of the tree, 2 L/667 m2 spray volume, 120 μm spray nozzle particle size, and the flight path above the canopy. The cost of UAV pollination is 11.83 USD/667 m2 and the pollination efficiency 2.67 hm2/unit·h.