From consumption to withdrawal: A broad synopsis of the effects of alcohol

Abstract

The consumption of alcohol reflects both societal norms and personal choices and has major clinical implications. Long-term excess alcohol consumption leads to a domino effect of pathological outcomes and onset of chronic illness. However, the risks of alcohol consumption extend beyond long-term health issues. Because habitual alcohol drinkers reach a state of systemic homeostasis, when they attempt withdrawal, they experience many negative physiological effects and may develop alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The complex interplay between alcohol consumption and withdrawal does not result solely in behavioral issues. Rather, a substantial number of important physiological adaptations and potential problems underly habitual drinking. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive medical observation and intervention. Here, we summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical diseases, and related treatment methods of alcohol consumption and withdrawal. The aim was to provide a reference to improve understanding of alcohol use and promote an informed approach to alcohol withdrawal.