Visual-motor integration and its relation to eeg neurofeedback brain wave patterns, reading, spelling, and arithmetic achievement in attention deficit disordered and learning disabled students

Abstract

Studies examining EEG neurofeedback treatment for Attention Deficit Disorders (ADD) and Learning Disabilities (LD) have shown relationships between Theta/Beta ratios (TBR's) and enhanced attention, and measures of cognitive functioning including visual-motor integration. Thirty-eight children, ages 8 to 18, received neurofeedback where Beta was rewarded while Theta and EMG were inhibited and demonstrated significant reductions in TBR's after an average of 46 sessions. They also demonstrated significant improvements in measures of visual-motor integration, and academic achievement. Though the changes in TBR's were not correlated with all outcome measures, post-treatment TBR's were correlated to post-treatment visual-motor integration scores. The possible intervening variable relationship of visual-motor integration with TBR's and achievement changes is discussed. © 1998, Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.