Treatment and prevention of internet use disorders in children and adolescents

Abstract

Internet use disorders (IUDs) represent conditions where individuals experience a loss of control over their interactive online media use resulting in reduced functional capacity, and physical, and mental health impairments. Disordered Internet use may develop with various online use activities including video games, social media, online pornography, video watching, and shopping. Prevalence rates for these disorders are increasing worldwide resulting in an increased demand for effective treatment. A number of structured psychosocial treatment approaches have been shown to improve IUD symptoms. Effective psychosocial treatments specifically for gaming disorder include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), the Acceptance and Cognitive Restructuring Intervention Program (ACRIP) based on a cognitive behavioral and mindfulness model, and a Craving Behavioral Intervention (CBI). More general treatments for IUDs have shown to be successful based on CBT. Among pharmaceutical interventions, bupropion has been effective. Preventive interventions appear promising in school settings. Individual studies of primary prevention showed efficacy, but pooled results did not. Based on a meta-analysis, early prevention is particularly effective. Results are limited by methodological shortcomings and premature evidence. Recommendations for the future include more specific research questions related to effective components, appropriate settings, and motivational approaches to clinical treatment and prevention interventions. Considerations for clinicians and parents are outlined.