Ten-year changes in China’s ecological environment: governance effectiveness, problem analysis, and implications for global sustainable development

Abstract

Introduction: This research comprehensively examines changes in China’s ecological environment from 2015 to 2024, alongside relevant policy and governance measures, to draw lessons for the global sustainable development. Methods: Based on data from the China Ecological and Environmental Status Bulletin, this study employs statistical and case analysis methods to evaluate governance effectiveness and ongoing challenges across nine key areas, including the atmosphere, water, soil, and biodiversity. Results: Significant progress is evident in air quality, surface water management, ecological restoration, and the transition to green energy. However, persistent challenges remain, including groundwater pollution, threats to biodiversity, and climate warming. Discussion: The analysis, structured around conceptual transformation, legal-institutional safeguards, technological empowerment, low-carbon transition, and pathway improvements, enriches theoretical and practical scholarship while offering relevant insights for other developing countries addressing ecological challenges.