Symbiotic Endophytes of Glomalin AM Fungi, Rhizobium, and PGPR Potential Bio stimulants to Intensive Global Food Production for Sustainable Agriculture System

Abstract

Endophytic microorganisms are symbionts that live inside plant tissues and have been studied for their potential growth-promoting effects on plants and their beneficial involvement in plants’ responses to various stresses. Endophytic microorganisms play an important role in plant health, and this research looks at the processes they stimulate to increase plant tolerance to a variety of stresses. The endophytic microbial population boosts plant development by creating secondary active chemicals that defend the plant against pests and diseases. Endophytes also generate extracellular enzymes that are essential to the colonization of endophytes inside the plant host. Microbial endophytes may act as growth-promoting agents for plants by producing phytohormones and assisting plant development in polluted soils by degrading toxic chemicals. Endophytes regulate plant development via many mechanisms in response to stresses such as salt, drought, temperature, heavy metal stress, and nutritional stress. The glycoprotein glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) is produced by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AM fungi) and is crucial to ecosystem health, the production of high-quality food, and ecological restoration. Soil globulin levels are highly associated with aggregate water stability (WS) and soil quality (SH). Since globulin contains carbon, it makes a non-negligible contribution to the Earth’s terrestrial carbon reservoir. The GESP-producing AM fungus are ubiquitous root symbionts that benefit plants in a wide variety of ways. Root nodules of legumes are home to soil bacteria (SB) called rhizobia, which fix nitrogen (LRN). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a class of free-living bacteria (FLB) that colonize the rhizosphere and improve root development (RG), which in turn improves plant growth (PG), productivity, and numerous plant growth-promoting substances (PGPS). During symbiosis, symbiotic fungi (SF) and bacteria reproduce using host resources to replenish the soil, endure between hosts in the soil, and discover and infect new hosts. The present publication emphasizes the significance of microbial symbionts and their interactions for nutrient management, effective for growth and productivity to the sustainable agricultural system (SAS), which boosts worldwide crop output.