New experimental therapies for glioblastoma: a review of preclinical research

Abstract

Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant glial tumor of the central nervous system with an incidence from 0.59 to 3.69 per 100 000 depending on the region. Patient prognosis remains poor, highlighting the urgent need for novel therapies. This review analyzes preclinical studies published in the past seven years, covering a broad spectrum of experimental therapies, including small molecules, energy-based interventions, immunotherapies, gene and cell-based treatments, and tumor microenvironment–targeting approaches. I evaluate therapeutic efficacy, experimental models, and translational potential, and discuss key limitations and opportunities in the current research landscape. Finally, I outline future directions to enhance the clinical relevance of preclinical findings and accelerate the development of effective therapies for glioblastoma.