Impact of a Pharmacist-driven Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Polymerase Chain Reaction Nasal Swab Protocol on the De-escalation of Empiric Vancomycin in Patients with Pneumonia in a Rural Healthcare Setting

Abstract

Introduction Pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carries a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Many clinicians empirically treat those at risk of developing MRSA pneumonia with vancomycin. Several studies have identified a high negative predictive value of the MRSA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) nasal swab test in lower respiratory tract infections, suggesting it can be used to guide the de-escalation of empiric anti-MRSA therapy. Objective To evaluate the impact of a pharmacist-driven MRSA PCR nasal swab protocol on the de-escalation of empiric vancomycin in patients with pneumonia in a rural healthcare setting. Secondarily, to assess the rate of hospital length of stay, the rate of vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury, and in-hospital mortality after pharmacist-driven de-escalation of empiric vancomycin in patients with pneumonia.  Methods A retrospective, single-center, pre-post cohort study was conducted in patients after the implementation of a pharmacist-driven protocol allowing pharmacists to obtain nasal swabs and PCR testing for MRSA in those on empiric vancomycin therapy for suspected MRSA pneumonia. Based on negative test results, pharmacists recommended a de-escalation of empiric vancomycin to the physician. Patients were included if they were adults at least 18 years of age, had a physician diagnosis of suspected or confirmed pneumonia, and initiated on at least one dose of intravenous vancomycin within 48 hours of admission. Results A total of 79 patients were identified for inclusion in the pre-protocol group (n=32) or post-protocol group (n= 47). The mean duration of vancomycin therapy in the pre-protocol group was 3.1 days as compared to 1.7 days in the post-protocol group for a 1.4 days reduction (p=0.044). There was no significant impact on the number of vancomycin cases de-escalated within 24 hours (p=0.14) but there was a significant reduction at 48 hours (p=0.01). Protocol implementation was associated with a reduction in the average length of hospitalization (8 versus 5.20 days, p=0.006). Neither group had a vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury or in-hospital mortality. Conclusion Among patients with suspected MRSA pneumonia, a pharmacist-driven MRSA PCR nasal swab protocol resulted in a significant reduction of empiric vancomycin duration of therapy without an adverse impact on clinical outcomes in a rural healthcare setting.