Advancements In Inverter Technologies For Photovoltaic Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

The need for sustainable and renewable energy sources has intensified as the world faces challenges likeclimate change and fossil fuel depletion. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have emerged as one of the mostviable and cleanest forms of renewable energy, leveraging sunlight to generate electricity with minimalenvironmental impact. PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity, producing direct current (DC)power. However, most applications—whether for residential, commercial, or grid-connected systems—require alternating current (AC). This makes inverters a crucial component of PV systems, as they convertthe DC output of PV arrays into AC power suitable for practical use.The inverter, often called the "heart" ofPV systems, plays a pivotal role not only in power conversion but also in maximizing system efficiency,ensuring grid stability, and enabling safe operation. The choice of inverter topology directly impacts theefficiency, cost, size, and functionality of the PV system.