Molecular Marker Technologies in Crop Authentication and Seed Purity Assessment: Advances and Applications

Abstract

Molecular markers are crucial tools in modern plant genetics and breeding, enabling the detection of genetic polymorphisms at the DNA level. These markers, which include RFLP, RAPD, SSR, SNPs, and others, provide critical insights into genome structure, diversity, and gene-trait associations without being influenced by environmental factors. This review explores the classification, properties, and diverse applications of molecular markers in plant science. Key uses include DUS testing, seed health diagnostics, variety identification, genetic purity assessment, germplasm conservation, genetic diversity studies, QTL mapping, and marker-assisted selection (MAS). Advancements from hybridization-based to PCR-based and sequence-based markers have significantly improved marker specificity, throughput, and cost-efficiency. Techniques like next-generation sequencing and DNA chip technology have further revolutionized genotyping accuracy and speed. Despite their many benefits, molecular markers have not been widely used in regular seed testing because of challenges, including high implementation costs and the need for specialist knowledge. They should become more accessible, nevertheless, as a result of continuous attempts to standardize processes and falling prices. The development of more robust and affordable marker systems, as well as the integration of genetic data with phenotypic and environmental data for thorough variety identification, are the main goals of future research.