Characterization of River Width Measurement Capability by Space Borne GNSS-Reflectometry

Abstract

In recent years, Global Navigation Satellite System reflectometry (GNSS-R) has been explored as a methodology for inland water body characterization. However, thorough characterization of the sensitivity and behavior of the GNSS-R signal to inland water bodies is still needed to progress this area of research. In this paper, we characterize the uncertainty associated with Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) measurements on the determination of river width. The characterization study uses simulated data from a forward model that accurately simulates CYGNSS observations of mixed water/land scenes. The accuracy of the forward model is demonstrated by comparisons to actual observations of known water body shapes made at particular measurement geometries. Simulated CYGNSS data are generated over a range of synthetic scenes modeling a straight river subreach, and the results are analyzed to determine a predictive relationship between the peak SNR measured over the river subreaches and the river widths. An uncertainty analysis conducted using this predictive relationship indicates that, for simplistic river scenes, the SNR over the river is predictive of the river width to within +/−5 m. The presence of clutter (surrounding water bodies) within ~500 m of a river causes perturbations in the SNR measured over the river, which can render the river width retrievals unreliable. The results of this study indicate that, for isolated, straight rivers, GNSS-R data are able to measure river widths as narrow as 160 m with ~3% error.