Modelling free residual chlorine decay in a residential district water distribution network using smart water meter data

Abstract

Chlorine is the most common disinfectant in drinking water worldwide, and the free residual chlorine concentration has been stipulated at least 0.1 mg/L according to Japanese drinking water standard to ensure disinfection efficacy during distribution. In addition, Japan is also applying approximately 0.4 mg/L chlorine at treatment plants to supply tasty drinkable water to residents. Although a concentration lower than 0.4 mg/L can help avoid an unpleasant chlorine taste in the supply water, it raises challenges for maintaining residual chlorine greater than the standard throughout distribution pipelines. The chlorine concentration decreases along distribution pipes because of bulk decay and wall decay. These decays depend on the initial chlorine concentration, temperature, time, pipe material, etc. Therefore, bottle tests with the Arrhenius theory were set up on the water at the distribution inlet in the Chibata district in Kosai city, Japan at various temperatures and times to measure the bulk decay coefficient. A literature review and root square mean error matching field data were conducted to estimate the wall decay coefficient. These decay coefficients were input into EPANET 2.2 to simulate water quality using smart water meters’ hourly consumption data. Therefore, the points where chlorine concentrations were below the standard could be hourly estimated.