Comprehensive review of internet of things (IoT) network protocols: Features, open challenges, and trends

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a paradigm shift in how perceive and interact with the physical world through technology. At its essence, IoT is a concept where everyday objects, equipped with sensors, software, and connectivity, can collect and exchange data over the internet. This interconnected network of devices enables seamless communication and interaction between physical and digital systems, creating opportunities for automation, efficiency improvements, and enhanced decision-making capabilities. IoT applications span a wide range of domains including smart homes, healthcare, agriculture, transportation, and manufacturing, where sensors gather real-time data, which is then processed and analyzed to derive actionable insights. The theoretical underpinnings of IoT emphasize connectivity, data analytics, automation, and the potential for transformative impact across industries. However, challenges such as security, privacy, interoperability, and managing vast amounts of data remain critical considerations in realizing the full potential of IoT. As technology advances and standards evolve, the theoretical promise of IoT continues to drive innovation, offering a vision of a more connected, intelligent, and efficient world.