The Aotidae

Abstract

The use of nonhuman primates in biomedical research can be challenging due to the high costs and the need for specialized resources. Also, the ethics aspects must be considered in all studies. Since the 1970s, owl monkeys (genus Aotus) have been used in various biomedical studies, including the development of malaria vaccine development and in research investigating viral pathogenesis. For this reason, understanding owl monkey reproduction is vital to maintain breeding colonies needed for such studies. Previous studies have shown that males and females reach sexual maturity between 12-48 months. Female age at first birth occurs around 3 years of age, while males sire their first offspring between 5-6.25 years. Although males are characterized by poor sperm motility and low sperm count, this seems to not affect their reproductive success. Despite the number of studies focusing on owl monkey reproductive behavior, there is limited information on biotechnology of reproduction in this species, especially on males. In contrast, female reproductive biology has been well described through anatomical and histological studies and provide the basis for assisted reproduction. The advance in ultrasound techniques has been useful in monitoring female gestation, and are promising as a tool to obtain oocytes. However, advanced techniques such as in vitro fertilization need refinement. This chapter reviews the reproductive biology of the male and female owl monkey and describes assisted reproduction techniques developed for these species, as well as their limitations.