The role of the calibrated automated thrombogram in neonates: describing mechanisms of neonatal haemostasis and evaluating haemostatic drugs

Abstract

Premature infants are at high risk of haemorrhage and thrombosis. Our understanding of the differences between the neonatal and adult haemostatic system is evolving. There are several limitations to the standard coagulation tests used in clinical practice, and there is currently a lack of evidence to support many of the transfusion practices in neonatal medicine. The evaluation of haemostasis is particularly challenging in neonates due to their limited blood volume. The calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT) is a global coagulation assay, first described in 2002, which evaluates both pro- and anti-coagulant pathways in platelet-rich or platelet-poor plasma. In this review, the current applications and limitations of CAT in the neonatal population are discussed. Conclusion: CAT has successfully elucidated several differences between haemostatic mechanisms in premature and term neonates compared with adults. Moreover, it has been used to evaluate the effect of a number of haemostatic drugs in a pre-clinical model. However, the lack of evidence of CAT as an accurate predictor of neonatal bleeding, blood volume required and the absence of an evidence-based treatment algorithm for abnormal CAT results limit its current application as a bedside clinical tool for the evaluation of sick neonates.What is Known:• The Calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT) is a global coagulation assay which evaluates pro- and anti-coagulant pathways.• CAT provides greater information than standard clotting tests and has been used in adults to evaluate bleeding risk.What is New:• This review summarises the physiological differences in haemostasis between neonates and adults described using CAT.• The haemostatic effect of several drugs has been evaluated in neonatal plasma using CAT.