Health theory of coping

Abstract

Objective: There have been multiple criticisms against commonly used theories of coping limiting their usefulness in research and practice. Method: This paper describes and evaluates a new functional conceptualisation of reactions to reduce distress or unpleasant emotions, the Health Theory of Coping. Results: The theory recognises that all coping reactions are adaptive and may initially reduce distress and categorises these strategies as either healthy or unhealthy, depending on their likelihood of adverse consequences. Categories are conceptually clear, mutually exclusive, comprehensive, functionally homogenous, functionally distinct, generative and flexible, overcoming limitations of previous theories. The theory captures a hierarchy of strategies across the continua of internality, intensity, and adversity. Healthy coping categories are self-soothing, relaxing or distracting activities, social support, and professional support. Unhealthy categories are negative self-talk, harmful activities, social withdrawal, and suicidality. All coping strategies fit within one of these categories. Conclusions: The categorisation of coping strategies as either healthy or unhealthy is empirically supported. The Health Theory of Coping has clinical utility in stigma reduction, suicide prevention, and treatment of physical and psychiatric illnesses.