Predictors of positive illicit drug tests after OEF/OIF deployment among army enlisted service members

Abstract

Objective: To identify characteristics associated with testing positive for illicit drugs postdeployment among Army enlisted members. Methods: Army active duty and National Guard/Reserve enlisted members returning from Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom deployments in fiscal years 2008 to 2011, who submitted urine specimens for random and other illicit drug tests up to 3 years postdeployment, were included. Multiple logistic regression models, stratified by component, identified demographic and deployment characteristics associated with any positive drug test (cocaine, heroin, tetrahydrocannabinol [marijuana], or amphetamine) during the 3 years postdeployment. Results: Among Army active duty and National Guard/Reserve enlisted members, respectively, 3.46% (95% confidence interval 3.40–3.52) and 3.84% (confidence interval 3.74–3.94) tested positive for 1+ illicit drugs during the 3 years postdeployment; the vast majority for marijuana. Relative to other groups, increased odds of a positive drug test were found for members with a combat specialist occupation, or first deployers. Conclusion: Almost 4% of Army members tested positive for illicit drug use within 3 years of return from deployment. Early identification and intervention with enlisted members who are more likely to test positive for illicit drug use should be explored to see if it will enhance health and reduce illegal drug use after deployment to a war zone.