Differing kinetics of anti-spike protein IgGs and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 after Comirnaty (BNT162b2) immunization

Abstract

Aims: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has had a serious worldwide impact on human health. On December 2020, an immunization campaign with a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (Comirnaty-BNT162b2 Pfizer-BioNTech) was started in Italy, first targeting healthcare workers (HCWs). This study aims to investigate the antibodies that are response against SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Methods and Results: The kinetics and the persistence of both anti-S1/S2 IgGs and neutralizing antibodies (Nt-Abs) were investigated in 76 HCWs through a 4-month follow-up with multiple testing points starting at the first dose. Temporal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Abs titre kinetics showed three different stages, with an initial slow growth in the anti-S1/S2 IgGs and Nt-Abs titres, corresponding to the first 4 weeks after the first dose of vaccine, followed by a second stage with peaks in titres, around 35 days after the first dose, and by a third stage (38 to 90–120 days after the first dose) showing a steady decrease in anti-S1/S2 IgGs while Nt-Abs are maintained at stable levels. Moreover, the levels of specific Nt-Abs to SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein are correlated to the anti-S1/S2 IgG titre (R-squared = 0.47; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The levels of specific Nt-Abs to SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein are correlated to the anti-S1/S2 IgG titre, although Nt-Abs could maintain a more stable titre over the time despite declining IgG Abs titre. Significance and Impact: This study highlights the kinetics and the persistence of Nt-Abs in HCWs vaccinated with Comirnaty (BNT162b2) Pfizer-BioNTech, and compared the Nt-Abs levels with anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgGs titres during a 4-month follow-up starting at the first dose of vaccine.