Prevalence of Cracked Nipple and its Associated Factors during Postpartum Period

Abstract

1.ABSTRACT Background: Cracked nipples, as a complication associated with breast-feeding, are considered the most significant factor affecting the uptake and continuation of breastfeeding, especially in the first 30 days postpartum. Aim: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of cracked nipple and its associated factors during the postpartum period. Study design: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. Setting: The study was carried out at Nabaroh Central Hospital and Nabaroh Health Care Center, Nabaroh, Egypt. Study subjects: A convenient sample of 817 postpartum women was utilized. Tools: Three tools were used: a structured interview questionnaire, a Nipple soreness rating scale, and a Cracked Nipples-Associated Factors questionnaire. Results: Nearly three-quarters of postnatal women had cracked nipples; more than one-third of women had 2 nd and 3 rd degrees of cracked nipples; nearly two-thirds of women had incorrect nipple attachment; and most women performed improper breastfeeding techniques. Conclusion: The prevalence of cracked nipples was high among the studied postpartum women and associated with women who were aged 20-30 years, unemployed women, delivered via caesarean section, not receiving guidance about breastfeeding during the 1st week of the postpartum period, incorrect nipple preparation during pregnancy, breast engorgement, incorrect breast care technique, feeding baby on demand, pulling the nipple from the baby's mouth by force after breastfeeding, using pacifiers, improper latch-on technique, improper body position technique during breastfeeding, and improper breastfeeding techniques. Recommendation: Designing nursing guidelines for pregnant and postpartum women about proper breastfeeding technique and cracked nipple prevention.