National Trends in the Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease among Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Status Groups, 1988-2016

Abstract

Importance: The overall prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has stabilized in the United States in recent years. However, it is unclear whether all major sociodemographic groups experienced this trend. Objective: To examine trends in CKD prevalence across major sociodemographic groups as defined by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Design, Setting, and Participants: This repeated cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys for 1988 to 1994 and every 2 years from 1999 to 2016 on individuals 20 years or older with information on race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and serum creatinine levels. Statistical analysis was conducted from May 1, 2017, to April 6, 2020. Exposures: Race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Main Outcomes and Measures: Prevalence of CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 15 to 59 mL/min/1.73 m2. Results: A total of 54554 participants (mean [SE] age, 46.2 [0.2] years; 51.7% female) were examined. The age-, sex- and race/ethnicity-adjusted overall prevalence of stage 3 and 4 CKD increased from 3.9% in 1988-1994 to 5.2% in 2003-2004 (difference, 1.3%; 95% CI, 0.9%-1.7%; P