Photoprotective, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Aged Punica granatum Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Insights

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a primary environmental factor contributing to skin damage, including erythema, hyperpigmentation, and photoaging. This study evaluates the photoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of aged Punica granatum extract (APEx), chosen for its richness in polyphenols, to assess its potential as a natural therapeutic agent in skin care. APEx was analyzed for its polyphenolic composition using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Its antioxidant capacity was measured via the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) assay. Cellular studies on HaCaT keratinocytes and Caco-2 epithelial cells assessed the extract's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects under stress conditions. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 60 women evaluated APEx's impact on UV-induced erythema, melanin content, skin hydration, and lightness. APEx demonstrated high antioxidant capacity (977.08 ± 15.73 mmol Trolox/100 g) and significantly reduced reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokine levels in vitro. Clinical findings showed significant reductions in UV-induced erythema and melanin levels, with concurrent improvements in skin hydration and lightness compared to placebo. No adverse effects were reported during the trial. These findings highlight APEx as a safe and effective agent for mitigating UV-induced skin damage, offering promising applications in dermatological and cosmetic formulations. Further studies are recommended to explore its molecular mechanisms and effectiveness across diverse populations.