Nomogram for predicting gallbladder stone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study in the Chinese population

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study is to explore the risk factors of gallbladder stone (GBS) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and also develop a simple-to-use nomogram for GBS in patients with T2DM. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed 2243 patients with T2DM hospitalized in Peking University International Hospital from January 2017 to August 2022. According to the results of colour Doppler ultrasonic examinations, the patients were divided into two groups. Results: (1) Compared with the non-GBS group, the GBS group was older (p < 0.05), and the diabetes duration in the GBS group was longer (p < 0.05). The proportion of overweight and obese people in the GBS group was significantly higher than that in the non-GBS group (p < 0.05, respectively). The proportion of patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) was higher in the GBS group (p < 0.05, respectively). (2) Logistic regression showed that age, body mass index (BMI), diabetes duration, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), DN, and DPN were independent risk factors for GBS (p < 0.05, respectively). (3) The area under the curve (AUC) of the nomogram for GBS was 0.704 (95% CI 0.656, 0.748), with a specificity of 90.34%, a sensitivity of 55.38%, and an accuracy of 86.83%. Conclusion: The nomogram is accurate to a certain degree and provides a clinical basis for predicting the incidence of GBS in patients with T2DM, which has a certain predictive value.