Conservation of Apis mellifera mellifera L. in the Middle Ural: A Review of Genetic Diversity, Ecological Adaptation, and Breeding Perspectives

Abstract

The European dark bee is well adapted to cold winters and short summers. However, threats from habitat loss, pests, and hybridization with southern bees pose significant challenges to its populations. The Perm region (Middle Ural, Russia) hosts a distinct population of Apis mellifera mellifera, known as Prikamskaya. Despite extensive local research, a comprehensive analysis remains lacking. This review presents an analysis based on selected historical, ecological, genetic, and regulatory sources relevant to honey bee populations in northern climates. Inclusion criteria prioritized peer-reviewed scientific literature, regional monographs, institutional reports, and expert contributions published from the 20th century onward. Preference was given to studies addressing environmental conditions, queen-rearing practices, population structure, and conservation strategies. At the northern limit of honey bee distribution, the region has diverse forest zones and a growing season of 145–190 days, influencing nectar availability from lime, honeysuckle, and willow. Although the region’s potential honey yield is estimated at 390,919,300 kg, only 6.7% of its 3,007,200 colonies are commercially utilized, largely due to the low number of apiaries specializing in local honey bees. Distinct northern and southern types of A. m. mellifera have been identified based on morphological (cubital index) and physiological (cold resistance) traits, although links to genetic diversity remain underexplored. This study underscores the importance of regional conservation efforts in preserving the genetic diversity of A. m. mellifera, emphasizing the need for targeted breeding strategies to address climate change and hybridization, ensuring the sustainability of agriculture and natural ecosystems worldwide