Impacts of Integrated Water Supply Allocation Mechanisms on Water Demand in Karbala, Iraq

Abstract

As demand for water grows and natural water supply becomes more uncertain, it's becoming increasingly difficult to maintain water quality and meet the demand for water resources, emphasizing the importance of good water governance and the adoption of the Integrated Water Resources Management approach. This approach aims to coordinate the development and management of water, land, and related resources to maximize economic and social benefits while maintaining the sustainability of ecosystems. While many countries support this approach, there are limited empirical studies on its impact, particularly in developing countries. In this paper, there is a study on integrated water management in the city of Karbala. Karbala governorate is in the middle of the Euphrates region of Iraq. Karbala governorate is surrounded by Babylon, Al-Ramadi, Baghdad, and AN-Najaf governorates. Ranked as the second-largest in terms of population, this governorate holds significant religious importance. Within its boundaries lie four bustling cities. The capital, Samawah, rests close to the ancient ruins of Uruk, an iconic vestige of antiquity. Nestled amidst the expansive plains sculpted by the Syrian Arab plateau and the meandering Euphrates River, Karbala governorate boasts a vast administrative expanse covering 51,740 square kilometers, equivalent to 11.9% of Iraq's territory. This study assesses the current water usage for supply, industrial, and agricultural purposes. The result indicate that the rural area of the city currently consumes 3.5 million cubic meters of water per year for domestic use and 0.174 million cubic meters per year for non-domestic purposes. Additionally, the estimated domestic water consumption in the towns of Karbala is 12.77 million cubic meters per year. The primary goals of this study aim to decrease dependence on drinkable water, promote the health of water bodies, wetlands, and valuable landscapes that are interconnected and easily accessible. To achieve these objectives, collaboration is essential among governmental bodies, industries, community organizations, and residents. The Integrated Water Management Plan comprises an action strategy designed to help the Council reach its goals and targets, facilitating the transition towards becoming a water-conscious city.