A Review on Recent Advances in 3D Bioprinting

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has emerged as a powerful bio- fabrication platform for tissue engineering because of its ability to engineer living cells and bio-material based 3D objects. Diverse bio-inks based on synthetic and natural biomaterials have also been created and successfully used for tissue regeneration at the same time. Over the past few decades, the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, which aim to develop functioning tissue-constructs replicating native tissue for the repair and/or replacement of damaged tissues or entire organs, have advanced quickly. Traditional tissue engineering methods, which include scaffolds, growth factors, and cells, had less success fabricating complicated 3D structures and regenerating organs in vivo, which made them logistically and financially unworkable for clinical applications. In this regard, 3D bioprinting, which is an extended application of additive manufacturing is now being explored for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as it involves the top-down approach of building the Layer-by- layer construction of complicated tissue, thereby producing precise geometries due to controlled nature of matter deposition with the help of anatomically accurate 3D models of the tissue generated by computer graphics. In this article, we seek to present a thorough analysis of the 3D bioprinting techniques, including ink-jet printing, extrusion printing, stereolithography, and laser aided bioprinting methods. With the exact control of structure, dynamics, and biological elements—such as cells and extracellular matrix (ECM)—3D bioprinting has a tremendous deal of promise to build very complex constructions.