Diagnostic paradigm for evaluation of male patients with chronic granulomatous disease, based on the dihydrorhodamine 123 assay

Abstract

Background: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a phagocyte disorder caused by mutations in nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunits. The dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) assay is an effective test for CGD that for most patients also might help to differentiate between the 2 most common forms, X-linked (X) gp91phox defect CGD and autosomal recessive (AR) p47phox defect CGD. However, some male patients with X-CGD have DHR patterns that overlap the AR-CGD pattern. Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to develop a diagnostic paradigm to delineate male patients with X-CGD expressing a DHR pattern suggestive of p47phox deficiency. Methods: The DHR assay measured change in fluorescence of DHR-loaded granulocytes after phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation. Western blot analysis measured the presence of NADPH oxidase subunits gp91phox, p47phox, p67phox, and p22phox. CYBB exonic sequencing was performed on PCR-amplified genomic DNA through use of intronic flanking primers. Ferricytochrome-c assay evaluated specific superoxide production by PMA-stimulated granulocytes. Results: Although 83% of patients with X-CGD have virtually no neutrophil DHR activity, we found that 17% of patients, proven to have X-CGD by other criteria, have modest DHR activity that is most consistent with p47phox deficiency. We describe a diagnostic paradigm to deal with such patients, and we present 2 cases, along with results of additional studies, including carrier evaluation, protein assessment, and mutation analysis, that are useful in establishing the genotype under these circumstances. DHR assays from the 2 patients described showed a fluorescence shift most characteristic of p47phox-AR-CGD; however, each of the patients' mothers showed mosaicism with a bimodal DHR pattern. Patient 1 had some gp91phox protein with a Y41D mutation and modest superoxide activity. Patient 2 had a normal level of gp91phox protein with a C537R mutation without detectable superoxide activity, as determined by ferricytochrome-c assay, despite the modest DHR activity. Conclusions: Evaluation of male patients with CGD with modest DHR activity should initially include evaluation of potential female carriers for mosaicism with the use of the DHR assay. In circumstances in which this is uninformative, patients should be referred to centers capable of additional testing, including Western blot analysis and CYBB mutation analysis, to clarify the disease genotype.