Training the Trainers in Ultrasound-guided Access to Improve Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Placement among Children Presenting for Anesthesia

Abstract

Introduction: Factors predicting difficult peripheral intravenous (PIV) catheter placement in children are known. Ultrasound guidance can decrease the number of attempts required for difficult PIV placement. However, the uptake of this technique among attending anesthesiologists at our institution remained low. This study aimed to reduce the incidence of PIV placement requiring greater than 3 attempts and reduce time to PIV placement by providing training in ultrasound guidance. Methods: We implemented an evidence-based difficult IV algorithm and ultrasound-guided PIV placement training for attending pediatric anesthesiologists at a tertiary academic pediatric institution. The algorithm outlined risk factors for difficult IV access, established a goal of 3 or fewer attempts, and recommended early ultrasound use after 1 unanticipated attempt and the first attempt for anticipated difficult IV. Group sessions, including instruction and simulated practice, preceded a period of individual training in the operating room using a punch card to monitor each trainee's progress while also serving to motivate continued engagement. Results: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of consecutive cases from December 1, 2015, to September 30, 2019, comparing a 22-month baseline period (n = 12,581) with the training period (n = 6,725) and the following year (n = 6,557). Cases requiring more than 3 attempts decreased from 4.0% to 2.7% overall and from 10% to 6.2% among patients 24 months or less of age. The time required to establish PIV access was unchanged. Factors associated with increased attempts were identified. Conclusions: Implementing a difficult IV algorithm and training among attending pediatric anesthesiologists in ultrasound-guided PIV placement reduced attempts but not the time required to establish PIV access.