The characterization of heterogeneous nanocatalyst of biohydroxyapatite-lithium and its application for converting malapari seed oil (milletia pinnata l.) to biodiesel

Abstract

Heterogeneous nanocatalyst of biohydroxyapatite-lithium (HA-Li) has been prepared through modification of HA extracted from bovine bone waste with Li at various calcination temperatures (400-700oC). Characterizations of the heterogeneous catalysts were including surface acidity-basicity, functional groups, BET surface area, particle size, and surface morphology. Optimization of catalyst ratios (1-7%) with the best characterization was applied for converting Malapari seed oil (Milletia pinnata L.) to biodiesel. The characterization results showed that HA-Li catalyst calcinated at 600oC had the highest surface basicity and Lewis acid sites revealing specific functional group of O-Li at wavenumber of 1612.49 cm-1. BET surface area of HA-Li catalyst decreased with increased average particle size. SEM analysis suggested that morfology of catalysts formed stack of agglomerates. The highest yield of biodiesel obtained on a catalyst ratio of 5% was 88.16%. GC-MS analysis showed 10 peaks, and 5 of the peaks exhibiting the highest percentage area were identified as methyl oleic, methyl palmitic, methyl erusic, methyl stearic, and methyl linoleic.