Hybrid Agricultural Extension and Climate-Smart Practice Adoption: Evidence from Indonesian Rice Farmers

Abstract

Agricultural extension plays a pivotal role in promoting the adoption of climate-smart practices among smallholders, yet its effectiveness in Indonesia remains uneven amid structural constraints and rapid digital transformation. This study examines how extension information quality and trust in agents influence farmer learning outcomes and subsequent adoption of climate-smart practices, while testing the moderating effects of chat-app microlearning exposure and extension agent digital capability. A cross-sectional survey of 378 irrigated rice farmers in Central Java and East Nusa Tenggara provinces was analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that information quality and trust significantly enhance knowledge gain and self-efficacy, which in turn foster positive attitudes, stronger adoption intentions, and early adoption behavior. Both chat-app microlearning and agent digital capability strengthen these psychological pathways, demonstrating the effectiveness of hybrid extension systems that combine interpersonal trust with digital reinforcement. Practically, the study suggests that co-designed hybrid advisory calendars, localized micro-videos, and digital-skills training for extension agents can enhance learning and inclusivity, while asynchronous SMS and radio-based materials can support regions with limited connectivity. These insights provide a framework for implementing Indonesia’s Digital Agriculture Roadmap 2023–2045 and advancing inclusive, technology-enabled agricultural innovation.