Beyond LDL Cholesterol Reduction: Pleiotropic Profiling of Statins

Abstract

Purpose of Review: Statins, primarily known for their cholesterol-lowering capabilities, exert a wide range of effects on metabolic biomarkers, known as pleiotropic effects, that extend beyond atherosclerosis. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms and systemic impact of statins, encompassing their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, endothelial-protective, and antithrombotic properties. Recent Findings: Statins have been shown to improve outcomes in cardiovascular conditions such as arrhythmias, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure, as well as reduce thrombotic events such as venous thromboembolism. Beyond the cardiovascular system, statins demonstrate potential for benefit in metabolic regulation, renal protection, bone health, gastrointestinal inflammation, and neurological conditions. However, controversy remains regarding the extent to which these benefits are mediated by lipid-independent mechanisms. Summary: This comprehensive overview underscores the expanding therapeutic role of statins across diverse clinical contexts and identifies areas for future research to optimize their use in special patient populations.