Review Paper on Nanoparticles: Properties, Synthesis, Applications, and Challenges

Abstract

Nanoparticles are ultrafine fine particle size range from 1-100 µm in diameter. They more show Brownian movement and do not settle down like Colloidal dispersion. Nanoparticles (NPs) are materials with unique properties that emerge at the nanoscale (1–100 nm). These properties make them highly versatile and valuable in a wide range of scientific fields, including medicine, electronics, energy, and environmental science. This paper provides a comprehensive review of nanoparticles, focusing on their classification, synthesis methods, properties, and various applications. The challenges in nanoparticle research and their potential toxicity issues are also discussed, along with future trends and directions.