Clinical psychology: Growing up with ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Directions and methods of psychological intervention

Abstract

Background. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong pervasive developmental disorder affecting subjects' emotions, will, and cognition, and inhibiting their social adaptation. Objective. To define directions and methods for psychological assistance to autistic people that would let them achieve higher self-actualization and independence, and avoid social maladaptation. Design. The following methods were used: analysis of the life histories and catamneses of autistic individuals; participant observation of their behavior; analysis of materials (text summaries) of psychological consulting with families who have autistic members; analysis of materials from remedial sessions with people with autism and developmental disorders. Research participants were autistic individuals age 12 years or more at the beginning and up to 38-40 years at the end. Results. The long-term manifestations of autistic development in emotions, will, and cognition are described. These manifestations affect subjects' adaptation and independence negatively, even in cases of remarkable progress. Two important aspects of psychological assistance are: a) mastering of skills; and b) improving comprehension of social relationships, one's own psychological world, and other people's minds. The author proposes some methods of psychological remedial work and insists that rules for social interaction should not be learned mechanically. Conclusion. The general principles of psychological assistance to autistic individuals are: (a) encouraging their long-term activity jointly with others; (b) providing a well-organized and thoughtful social environment where the activity takes place. Autistic persons often need special assistance to become successfully engaged in a more active and more complex social environment. The present work may be useful for professionals working with people with special needs.