Quadruplex formation as a molecular switch to turn on intrinsically fluorescent nucleotide analogs

Abstract

Quadruplexes are involved in the regulation of gene expression and are part of telomeres at the ends of chromosomes. In addition, they are useful in therapeutic and biotechnological applications, including nucleic acid diagnostics. In the presence of K+ ions, two 15-mer sequences d(GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG) (thrombin binding aptamer) and d(GGGTGGGTGGGTGGG) (G3T) fold into antiparallel and parallel quadruplexes, respectively. In the present study, we measured the fluorescence intensity of one or more 2-aminopurine or 6-methylisoxanthopterin base analogs incorporated at loop-positions of quadruplex forming sequences to develop a detection method for DNA sequences in solution. Before quadruplex formation, the fluorescence is efficiently quenched in all cases. Remarkably, G3T quadruplex formation results in emission of fluorescence equal to that of a free base in all three positions. In the case of thrombin binding aptamer, the emission intensity depends on the location of the fluorescent nucleotides. Circular dichroism studies demonstrate that the modifications do not change the overall secondary structure, whereas thermal unfolding experiments revealed that fluorescent analogs significantly destabilize the quadruplexes. Overall, these studies suggest that quadruplexes containing fluorescent nucleotide analogs are useful tools in the development of novel DNA detection methodologies. © 2012 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press.