Risk Assessment for Autonomous Ships Using an Integrated Machine Learning Approach †

Abstract

The inherent complexities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies expose autonomous ships to a wide range of multifaceted interconnected risks. However, very few studies have aimed at the holistic risk assessment of autonomous ships. To this end, this study employs an expert-opinion-based integrated machine learning approach amalgamating logistic regression and Bayesian network to conduct risk assessment for autonomous ships. The results reveal human factor interactions and operational issues as the prominent accident causation factors. The findings of this study will contribute significantly to the existing literature on autonomous ships and the complexities involved in their operational systems. By identifying critical factors causing accidents and their impact on autonomous ship safety and resilience, stakeholders such as autonomous ship manufacturers, port authorities, shipping companies, and governments can develop more efficient and effective operational and safety systems.