Traumatismo torácico y anestesia

  • Ramos Garrido M
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Abstract

The thoracic trauma patient is generally of young, working age, and is often affected by multiple trauma. In its preoperative management, the functional repercussions secondary to thoracic injuries (pulmonary contusion, myocardial contusion, flail chest, etc.) should be evaluated. These become more important when anesthesia must be administered for surgical resolution of neurological, abdominal or limb injuries, and especially, when emergency thoracic surgery must be performed. Only 15% of patients with chest trauma require surgery. In emergency situations, regional techniques are limited to be a part of the postoperative analgesia or they are indicated in case of extensive nonsurgical parietal lesions. These are patients that have a full stomach in whom, in many cases, a chest drain must be installed prior to or during anesthetic induction. Induction agents that produce less hemodynamic compromise and maintenance with halogenated gases are suggested. Double-lumen endobronchial tubes are the standard method for providing lung isolation. Intraoperative mechanical ventilation should be provided considering the concepts of pulmonary protection taken from intensive medicine. Good postoperative analgesia facilitates respiratory physiotherapy, prevents deterioration of lung function, and allows early ambulation, helping altogether to reduce the incidence of pulmonary and thromboembolic complications. RESUmEN El paciente con un traumatismo torácico es generalmente joven, en edad laboral y se presenta habitual-mente como un politraumatizado. En su manejo preoperatorio se deben evaluar las repercusiones funcio-nales secundarias a las lesiones torácicas (contusión pulmonar, contusión miocárdica, tórax volante, etc.). Éstas adquieren mayor importancia cuando debe administrarse anestesia para la resolución quirúrgica de las complicaciones de orden neurológico, abdominal o de extremidades y, especialmente, cuando se debe llevar a cabo una cirugía torácica de urgencia. Sólo 15% de los pacientes con traumatismo torácico requiere cirugía. En situaciones de urgencia, la anestesia regional está limitada a formar parte de la analgesia post-ope-ratoria o en lesiones parietales extensas. Se trata de pacientes con estómago lleno en los cuales en muchas oportunidades se debe instalar un drenaje torácico previo o durante la inducción anestésica. Se prefiere los agentes de inducción que producen menos compromiso hemodinámico y la mantención de la anestesia con gases halogenados. La intubación monobronquial debe ser prácticamente rutinaria. La ventilación mecánica

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APA

Ramos Garrido, M. (2021). Traumatismo torácico y anestesia. Revista Chilena de Anestesia, 50(1). https://doi.org/10.25237//revchilanestv50n01-08

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