Environmental and Food Contamination by Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs): Overview

Abstract

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are dialkyl or alkyl/aryl ester derivatives of phthalic acid. PAEs are colorless, odorless, and flavorless oily liquids. PAEs are the main plasticizers used in industry and households. DEHP (di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate) is the main plasticizer used in the polymer industry, whereas DMP (dimethyl phthalate) and DEP (diethyl phthalate) are used mainly as solvents or fixatives in cosmetics and personal care products. PAEs are synthetic organic compounds poorly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Into the environment, they are introduced during the production, use and degradation, packaging, and transportation of plastic products. In the environment, PAEs are degraded in three ways: by hydrolysis, photodegradation, and microbial degradation, whereas the biodegradation and hydrolysis of PAEs in the environment are very slow. PAEs are pollutants of soil, water, groundwater, river water, marine water, air, sediments, vegetables, and biota. Due to the great interest in the subject of environmental pollution by PAEs and the emergence of new information in this area, it is extremely important to systematically review the current knowledge. In the presented paper, the occurrence of PAEs in different environmental matrices was reviewed. The toxicity to plants, animals, and humans was also described.