Haematococcus pluvialis extract promoting the recovery of memory impairment in alzheimer’s rats: Anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects

Abstract

Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the role of Haematococcus pluvialis extract against oxidative damage, the inflammatory, and apoptotic impacts characterizing the neurodegenerative disorders. Methods: Oxidative stress, B-cell lymphoma 2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, the inflammation, apoptotic and antiapoptotic impacts in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) rats were determined through assessment of glutathione reduced (GSH), GSH peroxidase (GPx), lipid peroxide (malondialdehyde), the cytokines level such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukins (IL-6 and IL-1β), and macrophage inflammation protein (MIP1α) in AD rats. Moreover, the expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and serine-threonine protein kinase (Akt) genes regulating the apoptosis in AD rats was measured. Results: The results revealed that levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MIP1α were significantly increased in AD rats. Moreover, the expression of PI3K and Akt genes was downregulated which it was coincided with the increase of apoptosis in AD rats. On the other hand, treatment of AD rats with H. pluvialis extract decreased the oxidative stress of AD in the form of prevention the inflammatory and apoptotic impacts. Conclusion: H. pluvialis could be used for ameliorating AD due to its role in decreases the oxidative stress of AD in the form of prevention the inflammatory and apoptotic impacts. H. pluvialis is a very attractive candidate for uses against neurodegenerative disorders that are caused by increases oxidative stress inducing neuroinflammation and apoptosis.