4D Printing: Bridging the Gap between Fundamental Research and Real-World Applications

Abstract

The Special Issue “4D Printing: State-of-the-art, Recent Trends, and Applications” highlights the significant impact of scientific advancements on practical and innovative applications. It focuses on the interdisciplinary challenges of multi-material printability on a voxel basis and optimizing the actuation performance of composite structures with various stimuli. Key considerations, such as mechanical strength and potential adverse effects, shape the design methods suited to specific quantitative data limitations. Four-dimensional printing calls for creativity, interdisciplinary collaboration, and practical applications. While recognizing experience-based approaches in research, this review paper emphasizes integrating science and technology through alternative strategies; innovative approaches; and the exploration of engineering, design, and artificial intelligence.