Interannual and Secular Variability of Larvae of Mesopelagic and Forage Fishes in the Southern California Current System

Abstract

We used univariate and multivariate spatiotemporal delta models to quantify changes in the distribution of ichthyoplankton in the southern California Current System from 1951 to 2016. We focus on mesopelagic species, because they are most abundant, and on northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), and Pacific hake (Merluccius productus), because they are important commercial and forage fish species. Univariate models indicated that changes in the relative abundance, area occupied, center of gravity, and spatiotemporal variability of numerically dominant warm-water and cool-water-associated mesopelagic ichthyoplankton show strong species-specific differences. Multivariate models revealed that the warm-water-associated mesopelagic assemblage exhibits an increasing, nonmonotonic, secular trend of increasing relative abundance underlying interannual variability, suggesting a tropicalization of the southern California Current System. In contrast, the cool-water-associated mesopelagic assemblage shows mainly interannual variability, with little secular trend over the 65-year period. Correlation matrices of the modeled ichthyoplankton densities showed that the spatial distributions of northern anchovy and Pacific hake are highly correlated with cool-water mesopelagic ichthyoplankton, but Pacific sardine is spatially correlated with both warm- and cool-water-associated mesopelagic species. Declines of adult sardine, anchovy, and hake are occurring concurrently with tropicalization of the southern California Current System. The most parsimonious explanation for tropicalization of the ichthyoplankton is increased presence of Pacific Equatorial-influenced Water in the inshore southern California region.