Evolution of Endodontics: Innovations in Instrumentation, Irrigation and Filling

Abstract

Endodontic treatment underwent a remarkable evolution from its beginnings, moving from rudimentary and painful techniques in the 18th and 19th centuries to advanced and specialised procedures in the 20th and 21st centuries. Pierre Fauchard described the first attempts at pulp extraction in the 18th century, while the 19th century saw the development of more efficient hand files, such as those designed by Charles Maïsse, which facilitated the cleaning of root canals. In the 20th century, technological advances transformed endodontics with the discovery of the importance of disinfection. Antibacterial irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite and EDTA were introduced, along with innovations in ultrasonic and laser activation techniques. In addition, rotary instrumentation with nickel-titanium alloys revolutionised procedures, allowing curved canals to be approached more safely and effectively.The development of obturation materials such as thermoplastic gutta-percha and improved sealants contributed to more effective and durable obturation. Also, the integration of digital technologies such as radiovisiographs optimised diagnosis and treatment planning, improving patient experience and clinical outcomes. In conclusion, progress in endodontics has made it possible to overcome anatomical and biological challenges, reducing complications and increasing treatment success rates. This progress, based on technological innovation and the improvement of techniques, consolidated modern endodontics as a speciality oriented towards dental preservation and the continuous improvement of oral health.