Radiofrequency catheter ablation: Different cooled and noncooled electrode systems induce specific lesion geometries and adverse effect profiles

Abstract

The success and safety of standard catheter radiofrequency ablation may be limited for ablation of atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare different cooled and noncooled catheter systems in terms of their specific lesion geometry, incidence of impedance rise, and crater and coagulum formation to facilitate appropriate catheter selection for special indications. The study investigated myocardial lesion generation of three cooled catheter systems (7 Fr, 4-mm tip): two saline irrigation catheters with a showerhead-type electrode tip (sprinkler) and a porous metal tip and an internally cooled catheter. Noncooled catheters (7 Fr) had a large tip electrode (8 mm) and a standard tip electrode (4 mm). RF energy was delivered on isolated porcine myocardium superfused with heparinized pig blood (37°C) at power settings of 10-40 W. Both irrigated systems were characterized by a large lesion depth (8.1 ± 1.6 mm) and a large lesion diameter (13.8 ± 1.6 mm). In comparison, internally cooled lesions showed a similar lesion depth (8.0 ± 1.0 mm), but a significantly smaller lesion diameter (12.3 ± 1.2 mm, P = 0.04). Large tip lesions had a similar lesion diameter (14.5 ± 1.6 mm), but a significantly smaller lesion depth (6.3 ± 1.0 mm, P = 0.002>) compared to irrigated lesions. However, lesion volume was not significantly different between the three cooled and the large tip catheter. To induce maximum lesion size, power requirements were three times higher for the irrigation systems and two times higher for the internally cooled and the large tip catheter compared to the standard catheter. Impedance rise was rarest with irrigated and large tip ablation. In case of impedance rise crater formation was a frequent observation (61-93%). Irrigated catheters prevented coagulum formation most effectively. Irrigated rather than internally cooled ablation appears to be most adequate for the induction of deep and long lesions at a low rate of impedance rise and thrombus formation. Large tip ablation may be feasible for the creation of long linear lesions, however, with an increased risk of thrombus formation.