Exact Analytical Model for Bose-Einstein Condensate at Negative Temperature

Abstract

We present an exact analytical model of a cigar-shaped Bose-Einstein condensate at negative temperature. This work is motivated by the first experimental discovery of negative temperature in Bose-Einstein condensate by Braun et al. We have considered an external confinement which is a combination of expulsive trap, bi-chromatic optical lattice trap, and linear trap. The present method is capable of providing the exact form of the condensate wavefunction, phase, nonlinearity and gain/loss. One of the consistency conditions is shown to map onto the Schrödinger equation, leading to a significant control over the dynamics of the system. We have modified the model by replacing the optical lattice trap by a bi-chromatic optical lattice trap, which imparts better localization at the central frustrated site, delineated through the variation of condensate fraction. Estimation of temperature and a numerical stability analysis are also carried out. Incorporation of an additional linear trap introduces asymmetry and the corresponding temporal dynamics reveal atom distillation at negative temperature.