A review of motivation theories, models and instruments in learning environment

Abstract

Motivation is vital for students to face obstacles to achieving their aspirations. Consistent or natural motivation levels are not adequate to achieve academic and career rates. It takes a strong motivation to persevere in the pursuit of academic or life achievement. The goal of this paper is to perform a literature review to identify motivational theories, models, and motivational questionnaires that can support a technology-based learning environment. The results from the literature review discovered that there are several theories for measuring motivation, intrinsic theory, and extrinsic motivation theory, self-determination theory, ARCS model, social cognitive theory, and expectancy theory. Also, there are several questionnaires that are suitable for the learning environment such as Instructional Material Motivation Study (IMMS), Motivation Score for Questionnaire Learning (MSLQ), Student Motivation for Science Questionnaire (SMTSL), and Self-Regulation of Motivation Academic (SRAM). The results of this paper are intended for teachers, educators and scholars interested in enhancing the learning motivation of their students.