Conversion of a Heme-Dependent Dehydratase to a Piperazate Synthase Reveals the Role of the Heme Propionate Group in N–N Bond-Formation

Abstract

Enzymes that form nitrogen–nitrogen bonds are employed in natural product biosynthesis and the nitrogen cycle. Piperazate synthase forms the cyclic hydrazine l-piperazic acid from l-N5-OH-ornithine, using heme as a cofactor. In this work, we discover sequence-related enzyme NohD that instead reacts with l-N5-OH-ornithine to release ammonia, and we solve its structure to 1.4 Å resolution. We then employ structure-guided site-directed mutagenesis to endow variants of NohD with piperazate synthase activity. Crystal structures of the NohD variants reveal how the heme propionate changes conformation, positioning it upward toward the amino nitrogen, where it is likely to activate the amine for N–N bond-formation. This study highlights a key structural requirement for N–N bond-formation and sets the stage for the development of new N–N-bond-forming catalysts.