A Review of Momordica charantia L., Botanical Characteristics, Nutritional Properties, and Bioactive Compounds: Insights for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

The prevalence of metabolic disorders, particularly Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), is rising at an alarming rate worldwide. T2DM, a complex metabolic condition characterized by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, remains one of the most common metabolic disorders, posing significant challenges to global healthcare systems. Traditional medicine serves as a valuable complementary approach alongside conventional therapies in managing T2DM. Momordica charantia L. (MC), commonly used in traditional medicine for its glucose-lowering properties, is also consumed as a dietary component in regions such as Asia, South America, and East Africa, with extensive use in Vietnam. Recognised as a functional herb with a history spanning thousands of years, MC is rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, which show potential for the prevention and treatment of T2DM. This review focuses on the botanical characteristics of MC and examines evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. These findings collectively suggest the promising efficacy of MC in T2DM management. Preclinical studies have demonstrated its beneficial effects through multiple mechanisms, including reducing hyperglycemia and enhancing insulin secretion, mediated by its bioactive compounds. Some clinical studies have also shown its anti-hyperglycemic effects. However, further research is necessary to validate its clinical effectiveness and establish its definitive role in supporting T2DM management.