Contemporary imaging modalities for temporomandibular joint: An update and review

Abstract

There are different imaging methods used in the evaluation of bone structure, disc, ligaments and muscles that make up temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The aim of this review is given information about choice of suitable imaging methods for TMJ diseases from past to present. In the past, conventional radiographs have often been used for TMJ imaging, but nowadays magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard for soft tissue imaging and disc position determination. Another new technology, ultrasonography can be used for disc displacement, effusion, diagnosis of intraarticular defects. Cone beam computed tomography is used for the evaluation of cortical and trabecular structure of bone components of TMJ, developmental anomalies and traumatic injuries affecting TMJ, pathological changes such as osteophyte, erosion, fractures, ankylosis, glenoid fossa-condyle relationship. Nowadays, in parallel with the developing technology, no singular imaging method is used for TMJ imaging and evaluation is performed with several imaging methods. Imaging methods should be selected by evaluating the factors such as radiation dose, contribution to diagnosis and treatment plan, easy applicability.