HPV-mediated Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review on Immunological Basis, Molecular Biology, and Immune Evasion Mechanisms

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV), one of the most frequently transmitted viruses, causes several malignancies, including cervical cancer. AIM: Owing to its unique pathogenicity, the HPV virus can persist in the host organism for a longer duration than other viruses to complete its lifecycle. During its association with the host, HPV causes various pathological conditions affecting the immune system by evading the host's immune mechanisms, thereby leading to the progression of various diseases, including cancer. METHOD: To date, ~ 150 serotypes have been identified, and certain high-risk HPV types are known to be associated with genital warts and cervical cancer. As of now, two prophylactic vaccines are in use for the treatment of HPV infection; however, no effective antiviral drug is available for HPVassociated disease/infections. Numerous clinical and laboratory studies have been conducted to formulate an effective and specific vaccine against HPV infections and associated diseases. RESULT: As the immunological basis of HPV infection and associated disease progress persist indistinctly, deeper insights into immune evasion mechanism and molecular biology of disease would aid in developing an effective vaccine. CONCLUSION: Thus, this systematic review focuses on the immunological aspects of HPV-associated cervical cancer by uncovering immune evasion strategies adapted by HPV.