Risque d’inondation dans la vallee de nyos

  • Tchindjang M
  • Konfor N
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Abstract

Le Lac Nyos (6°26'78"N et 10°17'76"E) se présente comme un maar très stratifié avec un barrage intensément fracturé. Il occupe une topographie d'alvéoles granitiques doublées d'intrusions rhyolitiques et trachytiques. Ce lac situé à 1100m d'altitude et couvrant une superficie de 275 ha s'encaisse dans des granites très fracturés et cataclasés dont les falaises surplombent de 100m le niveau de l'eau et le plancher lacustre. Il a une forme rectangulaire avec un exutoire NO barré par des pyroclastites à grano classement latéral et qui se sont consolidés. Ce barrage naturel d'éjectas grossiers protège les populations et les installations en aval, sa rupture ferait au moins 10000 morts du Cameroun au Nigeria selon McKIE (2000). En effet avec ses 2 km de long, 1 km de large et 210 m de profondeur, le lac Nyos contient 3 milliards de m 3 d'eau et il retient beaucoup de gaz dissous notamment le dioxyde de carbone. Mots-clés: barrage de pyroclastites, inondation, lac Nyos, risques ABSTRACT: The maar Nyos, situated at latitude 6°26'78"N and 10°17'76"E along the Cameroon Volcanic Line is well known for its stratification from bottom to top. It lies on a granitic topography at 1100 m above sea level. The granitic cliff exposed to the west of the lake rises 100m above the water level. The lake waters are held behind to the north by a natural pyroclastic dam on which water overflows creating semi giant potholes. The overflow forms a waterfall of about 30-40m. This dam is highly and densely fractured (13 fractures of 23-40m long). The breakdown of this dam can create floods that will drawn over 10.000 people in both Cameroon and Nigeria (according to McKIE, 2000). The lake contains 3 billions m 3 of water. At the bottom, the concentration of carbon dioxide is 85m/10m 3 of water. The dam remains a great potential danger to the population, aggravated by the high concentration of carbon dioxide in the lake emanating from the mantle which can lead to another gas disaster. The tectonic instability or ever a slight earth tremors can break the dam and cause floods downstream. A volcanic eruption might even worsen the situation. This paper presents the results of a recent research carried out on the lake after the onset of the first phase of the degassing project.

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Tchindjang, M., & Konfor, N. (2009). Risque d’inondation dans la vallee de nyos. African Journal of Science and Technology, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.4314/ajst.v2i2.44671

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