Lower Cambrian volcanism in the Hawker Group and the Billy Creek Formation, Arrowie Basin, Flinders Ranges, South Australia

Abstract

Widespread tuffs are known from the lower Cambrian succession of the Arrowie Basin, Flinders Ranges, mainly from the lower parts of both the Mernmerna Formation and the Billy Creek Formation. Up to 2.5 m of potassium-rich (K2O 6.32–9.60 wt%) rhyolite tuffs are known from the Mernmerna Formation, with the ‘Big Green Tuff’ from Bunyeroo Gorge yielding a TIMS age of 515.4 ± 0.2 Ma (i.e. unnamed Cambrian stage 3). The petrography of the Big Green Tuff, with numerous glass shards, suggests an explosive subaqueous pyroclastic deposit or ash-flow tuff. The presence of several layers of identical green tuff indicates that these were produced by a multi-phase volcanic event. There are up to thirty tuff horizons (5–50 cm thick) within the Warragee Member of the Billy Creek Formation. The tuffs within the Billy Creek Formation occur over a wide area, with an east–west extent of 250 km and a north–south extent of up to 80 km. It is suggested that they are in part ash-flow tuffs. A previous TIMS age for the Billy Creek Formation was 511.87 ± 0.14 Ma (i.e. unnamed Cambrian stage 4). The source of the tuffs, both from the Mernmerna Formation and the Billy Creek Formation is unknown. Detailed study of the whole-rock and trace-element geochemistry is required to fully document them.